Technology guide
Oedema and water retention: non-invasive approaches
Swollen ankles, a feeling of water retention: not all oedemas are alike. Knowing how to tell them apart lets you offer the right treatment and refer to a doctor when necessary.
Definition
An oedema is a build-up of fluid between the cells, causing the tissues to swell. Water retention is the broader term. Some swelling is temporary and harmless: heat, a long flight, the menstrual period.
The different types
Lymphoedema stems from a defect in the lymphatic system, congenital or following surgery or radiotherapy. Venous oedema is linked to poor return of blood. Lipoedema is an abnormal, symmetrical and painful build-up of fat on the legs that spares the feet. Other oedemas have a cardiac, renal or hormonal cause, or follow surgery.
Why fluid builds up
Normally, the fluid that leaves the capillaries is reabsorbed or drained by the lymph. If venous pressure rises, lymph circulates poorly, inflammation makes the vessels more permeable or the muscles do little work, the balance is upset and fluid stagnates.
Non-invasive approaches
Pressotherapy helps drainage and the return of venous blood. Manual drainage and suction mobilise fluids gently. Compression stockings, daily walking, raising the legs and a low-salt diet complement the treatment. Palper-rouler is used for early-stage lipoedema.
The role of the doctor
Oedema of cardiac or renal origin, lymphoedema, oedema following surgery or oedema that suddenly affects a single leg require medical advice before any treatment. Diuretic drugs are a matter for medical prescription only.